Αναπνευστική Φυσικοθεραπεία (Θ)

Παρατίθενται βασικά στοιχεία και μηχανισμοί της φυσιολογίας και παθοφυσιολογίας της αναπνευστικής λειτουργίας.

Βιβλιογραφία

1. Agnew M. Spirometry in clinical use: Practical issues. Breathe, 2010; 6: 197-203
2. Bates DV. Respiratory function in disease. 3rd ed. London: Saunders Co, 1989.
3.  Cotes JE, Lung Function. Assessment and applications in Medicine. 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
4.  McArdle W, Katch F, Katch W. Essentials of physiology. New York: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
5. Murray JF. The normal lung. London: Saunders, 1986.
6.  Spencer H. Pathology of the lung. 4th ed. Oxford: Pergamon, 1985.
7.  West JB. Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials. 8^th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.
8.  West JB. Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials. 9^th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012.
9.  Weinberg SE, Cockrill BA, Mandel A. Principles of Pulmonary Medicine. 5^th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2008.

Λέξεις Κλειδιά

Πνευμονικός αερισμός, αναπνευστική αντλία, λειτουργικός έλεγχος των πνευμόνων, νευρικός έλεγχος της αναπνοής

Ανάλυση της ανταλλαγής των αερίων μεταξύ αέρα-κυψελίδων, αίματος-κυττάρων, καθώς επίσης των μηχανισμών διατήρησης της οξεοβασικής ισορροπίας.

Βιβλιογραφία

• Agnew M. Spirometry in clinical use: Practical issues. Breathe, 2010; 6: 197-203
• Bates DV. Respiratory function in disease. 3rd ed. London: Saunders Co, 1989.
• Cotes JE, Lung Function. Assessment and applications in Medicine. 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
• McArdle W, Katch F, Katch W. Essentials of physiology. New York: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
• Murray JF. The normal lung. London: Saunders, 1986.
• Spencer H. Pathology of the lung. 4th ed. Oxford: Pergamon, 1985.
• West JB. Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials. 8^th Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.
• West JB. Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials. 9^th Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012.
• Weinberg SE, Cockrill BA, Mandel A. Principles of Pulmonary Medicine. 5^th Elsevier Health Sciences, 2008.

Λέξεις Κλειδιά

Ανταλλαγή αερίων, PO2, PCO2, PH, υποξυγοναιμία, υπερκαπνία

Yποκειμενική, αντικειμενική αξιολόγηση, συνεκτίμηση δεδομένων αξιολόγησης, διαδικασία θεραπευτικής απόφασης, οργάνωση του προγράμματος της φυσικοθεραπευτικής παρέμβασης, Προσδιορισμός βραχυ και μακρο-πρόθεσμων στόχων της παρέμβασης, επαναξιολόγηση στόχων, τεχνικών και αποτελέσματος

Βιβλιογραφία

• American Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the evaluation of impairment/disability in patients with asthma. Am Rev Res Dis 1993; 147: 1056-1061.
• American Thoracic Society (1999). Dyspnoea. Mechanisms, assessment and management: A consensus statement. Am J Res Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 321-340.
• Frownfelter D. (1978). Chest Physical Therapy and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Chicago: Year Medical Book Publishers.
• Frownfelter D, Dean E. (1996). Principles and practice of cardiopulmonary physical therapy. St. Louis Philadelphia, Mosby, Inc.
• Hough A. (1991).Physiotherapy in respiratory care. London: Chapman & Hall.
• Middleton S, Middleton PG. (2002). Assessment, investigations, skills, techniques and management. In Pryor & A. Prasad (Eds.), Physiotherapy for respiratory and cardiac problems . London: Churchill Livingstone.
• Morice AH, Fontana GA, Belvisi MG, Birring SS, Chung KF, Dicpinigaitis DV, et al. ERS guidelines on the assessment of cough. Eur Respir J 2007; 29: 1256–1276.
• Prendergast TJ, Russo SJ. (2006). Pulmonary disease. In SJ. McPhee & WF. Ganong (Eds.), Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Λέξεις Κλειδιά

Αξιολόγηση, αναπνευστικές παθήσεις

Αξιολόγηση, παγκόσμιες κατευθυντήριες οδηγίες για την αντιμετώπιση του άσθματος, Επανεκπαίδευση αναπνευστικού πρότυπου, εκπαίδευση αναπνευστικών μυών (δύναμη-αντοχή), εκπαιδευτικές συνεδρίες αυτό διαχείρισης του άσθματος, προγράμματα αναπνευστικής αποκατάστασης, ερευνητική τεκμηρίωση

Βιβλιογραφία

1. Global initiative for asthma (GINA) Global strategy for asthma management and prevention 2011 (update). http: //www.ginasthma.org.
2. Hough A. Physiotherapy in respiratory care. London: Chapman & Hall, 1991.
3. Frownfelter D. Chest Physical Therapy and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Chicago: Year Medical Book Publishers, 1978.
4. Frownfelter D, Dean E. Principles and practice of cardiopulmonary physical therapy. St. Louis Philadelphia, Mosby, Inc 1996.
5. Frownfelter D, Dean E. Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy. Evidence and Practice. Elsevier, 2006.
6. Grammatopoulou E, Haniotou A, Douka G, Koutsouki D. Factors associated with BMI in Greek adults with asthma. Journal of Asthma 2010; 47: 276-280.
7. Grammatopoulou E, Skordilis E, Stavrou N, Myrianthefs P, Karteroliotis K, Baltopoulos G, Koutsouki D. The effect of physiotherapy-based breathing retraining on asthma control. Journal of Asthma Journal of Asthma, 2011; 48:593-601.
8. Middleton S, Middleton PG. (2002). Assessment, investigations, skills, techniques and management. In J. Pryor & A. Prasad (Eds.), Physiotherapy for respiratory and cardiac problems . London: Churchill Livingstone.
9.  Morice AH, Fontana GA, Belvisi MG, Birring SS, Chung KF, Dicpinigaitis DV,  et al. ERS guidelines on the assessment of cough. Eur Respir J 2007; 29: 1256-1276.
10.  Prendergast TJ, Russo SJ. (2006). Pulmonary disease. In SJ. McPhee & WF. Ganong (Eds.), Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill.
11.  Pryor J.A, Prasad S.A. Physiotherapy for respiratory and Cardiac Problems. Adults and Paediatrics. Churchill Livingstone, 2002.

 Λέξεις Κλειδιά

Άσθμα, Έλεγχος άσθματος, Επανεκπαίδευση της αναπνοής, Εκπαιδευτικές συνεδρίες, Αυτο-διαχείριση του άσθματος

Αξιολόγηση, Παγκόσμιες κατευθυντήριες οδηγίες για την αντιμετώπιση της ΧΑΠ, Επανεκπαίδευση του αναπνευστικού πρότυπου, Εκπαίδευση των αναπνευστικών μυών (δύναμη-αντοχή), Εκπαιδευτικές συνεδρίες αυτο-διαχείρισης της ΧΑΠ, Οξυγονοθεραπεία, Διατροφικές διαταραχές στη ΧΑΠ, Προγράμματα αναπνευστικής αποκατάστασης στη ΧΑΠ, ερευνητική τεκμηρίωση.

Βιβλιογραφία

1. Guidelines for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs, American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Human Kinetics, 2011.
2. Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (GOLD) Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention 2006 (update). http: //www. goldcopd.org.
3. Gosselink R. Breathing techniques in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Chronic Respiratory Disease, 2004; 1: 163-172.
4. Salman G, et al Rehabilitation for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2003; 18: 213-221.
5. Troosters T, et al, Pulmonary rehabilitation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2005; vol. 172: 19-38.

Λέξεις Κλειδιά

Χρόνια αποφρακτική πνευμονοπάθεια, χρόνια βρογχίτιδα, Πνευμονικό εμφύσημα, πνευμονική αποκατάσταση

Ειδικές θέσεις παροχέτευσης-πλήξεις-δονήσεις, Δυναμική εκπνευστική προσπάθεια-FET, Ενεργητικός κύκλος αναπνευστικών τεχνικών ACBT, Αυτογενής καθαρισμός, Άσκηση, Ερευνητική τεκμηρίωση.

Βιβλιογραφία

1. Fink JB. Forced expiratory technique, directed cough, and autogenic drainage. Respir Care 2007;  52(9):1210-21.
2. Garrod R & Lasserson T. Role of physiotherapy in the management of chronic lung diseases: An overview of systematic reviews. Respiratory Medicine, 2007; 101(12):2429-2436.
3. Grammatopoulou E, Belimpasaki V, Valalas A, Michos P, Skordilis E, Koutsouki D. Active Cycle of Breathing Techniques-ACBT contributes to pain reduction in patients with rib fractures. Hellenic Journal of Surgery. 2010; 82:42-47.
4. Gosselink R, Bott J, Johnson M, et al. Physiotherapy for adult patients with critical illness: recommendations of the European Respiratory Society and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Task Force on Physiotherapy for Critically Ill Patients. Intensive Care Med 2008;34:1188-1199.
5. Jones AP, Rowe BH. Bronchopulmonary hygiene physical therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1998, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD000045. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000045.
6. Krishnagopalan S, Johnson EW, Low LL, et al. Body positioning of intensive care patients: clinical practice versus standards. Critical Care Med 2002;30:2588-2592.
7. Main E, Prasad A, van der Schans CP. Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews2005, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD002011. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002011.pub2.10.1002/14651858.CD001401.
8. Mcllwaine, M. Chest physical therapy, breathing techniques and exercise in children with CF. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 2007; 8(1):8-16.
9. Middleton C, Edwards M, Lang N, et al. Management and treatment of patients with fractured ribs. Nurs Times 2003;99:30-32.
10. Pasquina P, Tramer MR, Granier J-M, Walder B, et al. Respiratory physiotherapy to prevent pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery. Chest 2006;130:1887-1899.
11. Pryor JA, Prasad SA. Physiotherapy for respiratory and Cardiac Problems. Adults and Paediatrics. Churchill Livingstone, 2002.
12. Ridley SC, Hein-Green.Surgery for adults. In:Pryor JA, Prasad SA. Physiotherapy for respiratory and cardiac problems. 3rd ed. London: Churcill Livingstone;2002:377-473.
13. Sema S, Inal ID, Hülya A. A Comparison of Autogenic Drainage and the Active Cycle of Breathing Techniques in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 2000; 20(1):37-43.
14. van der Schans CP, Prasad A, Main E. Chest physiotherapy compared to no chest physiotherapy for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD001401. DOI:

Λέξεις Κλειδιά

Bρογχική παροχέτευση, ACBT, αυτογενής καθαρισμός, FET.

Αξιολόγηση, Παγκόσμιες κατευθυντήριες οδηγίες για την αντιμετώπιση της Κυστικής Ίνωσης, Επανεκπαίδευση του αναπνευστικού πρότυπου, Τεχνικές βρογχικής παροχέτευσης, Προγράμματα άσκησης των αναπνευστικών μυών (δύναμη-αντοχή), Εκπαιδευτικές συνεδρίες αυτο-διαχείρισης της Κυστικής Ίνωσης, Οξυγονοθεραπεία, Προγράμματα αναπνευστικής αποκατάστασης, ερευνητική τεκμηρίωση.

Βιβλιογραφία

1. Borowitz D, Robinson KA, Rosenfeld M, et al. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation evidence-based guidelines for management of infants with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatrics. 2009 Dec;155(6 Suppl):S73-93
2. Daniels T.  Physiotherapeutic management strategies for the treatment of cystic fibrosis in adults. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 2010, 3:201–212.
3. Fink J. Forced Expiratory Technique, Directed Cough and Autogenic Drainage. Respir Care, 2007,52(9):1210 –1221.
4. Kluft J, Beker L, Castagnino M, Gaiser J, Chaney H, Fink R. A comparison of bronchial drainage treatments in cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology, volume 22, Issue 4, pages 271–274, October 1996.
5. Lannefors L,  Button BM, McIlwaine M. Physiotherapy in infants and young children with cystic fibrosis: current practice and future developments. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, Suppl No.44, Vol 97, 2004.
6. Main E. What is the best airway clearance technique in cystic fibrosis? Paediatric RespiratoryR, Mar 26. doi:pii: S1526-0542(13)00010-9. 10.1016/j.prrv.2013.01.008. [Epub ahead of print].
7. Myers L., Horn S. Adherence to Chest Physiotherapy in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis. Journal of Health Psychology, 2006, 11(6): 915–926.
8. The American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmory Rehabilitation AACVPR. Guidelines for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs. 4^th ed. United States: Human Kinetics, 2010:80-82.

Λέξεις Κλειδιά

Κυστική ίνωση, αναπνευστική φυσικοθεραπεία, βρογχική παροχέτευση.

Επανεκπαίδευση αναπνευστικού πρότυπου αναπνοής, Τεχνικές αποκατάστασης των πνευμονικών όγκων, Εξασκητές προκαθορισμένης ροής-όγκου, Ερευνητική τεκμηρίωση.

Βιβλιογραφία

• Aboussouan LS. Mechanisms of exercise limitation and pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with neuromuscular disease. Chronic Respiratory Disease 2009; 6(4):231–249.
• Baughman RP, Costabel U, du Bois RMTreatment of sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med. 2008 Sep;29(3):533-48.
• Bodin P, Kreuter M, Bake B, Olse. Breathing patterns during breathing exercises in persons with tetraplegia. Spinal Cord 2003; 41:290–295.
• Diaz-Guzman E, Farver C, Parambil J, Culver DA Pulmonary hypertension caused by sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med. 2008 Sep;29(3):549-63
• Du Bois RM. Strategies for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010; 9:129-135. Medinger AE, Khouri S, Rohatgi PK. Sarcoidosis: the value of exercise testing. Chest 2001; 120: 93–101.
• Fernández-de-las-Peñas, Alonso-Blanco, Morales-Cabezas, Miangolarra-Page. Two Exercise Interventions for the Management of Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2005; 84:407-419.
• Garner & Amin. The management of neuromuscular respiratory failure: A review. British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 2006;2:394 – 398.
• Harari S, Caminati A. IPF: new insight on pathogenesis and treatment. Allergy. 2010; 65:537 - 553.
• Kagaya H et al. Effective home-based rehabilitation in patients with restrictive lung diseases. Tohoku J Exp Med 2009; 208: 215-219.
• Khan F, Nag L. Guillain-Barré syndrome: An update in rehabilitation. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 2009; 16(8):451 – 460.
• Mujović N, Mujović N, Matanović D, Devecerski G. Med Pregl.  Respiratory rehabilitation in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Med Pregl 2005; 58S1: 75-77.
• Ntoumenopoulos G, Presneill JJ, McElholum M, Cade JF. Chest physiotherapy for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2002; (28): 850-56.
• Scalera NM; File, TM (April 2007). "How long should we treat community-acquired pneumonia?". Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 20 (2): 177–81.
• Selman M, Pardo A. Update in diffuse parenchymal lung disease 2012. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 May 1;187(9):920-5.
• Sietsema KE, Kraft M, Ginzton L, Sharma OP. Abnormal oxygen uptake responses to exercise in patients with mild pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest 1992; 102: 838–845.
• Sisson TH, Mendez M, Choi K, et al. Targeted injury of type II alveolar epithelial cells induces pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010; 181:254 - 263.

• Spruit MA, Thomeer MJ, Gosselink R, et al. Skeletal muscle weakness in patients with sarcoidosis and its relationship with exercise intolerance and reduced health status. Thorax 2005; 60: 32–38.
• Thomas JA, McIntosh JM. Are incentive spirometry, intermittent positive pressure breathing, and deep breathing exercises effective in the prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications after upper abdominal surgery? A Systematic Overview and Meta-analysis. Phys Ther. 1994; 74:3-10.

Λέξεις Κλειδιά

Περιοριστικές παθήσεις, πνευμοθώρακας, πλευρίτιδα, νευρομυϊκές διαταραχές

Αξιολόγηση, Τεχνικές αποκατάστασης των πνευμονικών όγκων, Εξασκητές προκαθορισμένης ροής-όγκου, Πρώιμη κινητοποίηση, Μη επεμβατικός μηχανικός αερισμός (ΜΕΜΑ), Ερευνητική τεκμηρίωση

Βιβλιογραφία

• Aguiló, Rafael, et al. "Noninvasive ventilatory support after lung resectional surgery." CHEST Journal 112.1 (1997): 117-121.
• Brooks-Brunn JA. Heart Lung. Postoperative atelectasis and pneumonia. 1995 Mar-Apr;24(2):94-115.
• Conti, Giorgio, et al. "Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation with different interfaces in patients with respiratory failure after abdominal surgery: a matched-control study." Respiratory care 52.11 (2007): 1463-1471.
• Drummond GB. The abdominal muscles in anaesthesia and after surgery. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91: 73-80.
• Hough A. Physiotherapy in Respiratory Care, Nelson Thomes Ltd. 2001.
• Mackay MR, Ellis E, Johnston C (2005): Randomized clinical trial of physiotherapy after open abdominal surgery in high risk patients. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 51: 151–159.
• Makhabah et al. Peri-operative physiotherapy. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 2013, 8:4
• Manzano, Munhoz M, et al. "Chest physiotherapy during immediate postoperative period among patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery: randomized clinical trial." Sao Paulo Medical Journal5 (2008): 269-273.
• Olsen F, Hahn I, Nordgren S, Lonroth H, Lundholm K. Randomised controlled trial of prophylactic chest physiotherapy in major abdominal surgery. British Journal of Surgery 1997; 84: 1535–1538.
• Reeve J, Denehy L, Stiller K. "The physiotherapy management of patients undergoing thoracic surgery: a survey of current practice in Australia and New Zealand." Physiotherapy Research International’ (2007): 59-71.
• Reeve J. Physiotherapy interventions to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications following lung resection. What is the evidence? What is the practice? New Zealand Journal of  Physiotherapy 2008;36(3): 118-130.
• Samir J, Chanques G, Jung B. "Postoperative non-invasive Ventilation." Intensive Care Medicine. Springer New York, 2008. 310-319.
• Stéphan, François, et al. "Pulmonary complications following lung resectiona comprehensive analysis of incidence and possible risk factors." CHEST Journal5 (2000): 1263-1270.
• Stiller, Kathy. "Safety issues that should be considered when mobilizing critically ill patients." Critical care clinics1 (2007): 35-53.
• Thomson AM, Skinner AT, Piercy J. Tidy's Physiotherapy Butterworth-Heinemann Limited, 1998.

Λέξεις Κλειδιά

Χειρουργείο πνεύμονα, καρδιάς, πνευμονία, ατελεκτασία

Λειτουργική και Αναπνευστική αξιολόγηση, Νευρομυϊκό σύνδρομο, Οξυγονοθεραπεία, Μη επεμβατικός μηχανικός αερισμός (ΜΕΜΑ), Επιστράτευση κυψελίδων, Φυσικοθεραπεία σε διασωληνωμένο και μη διασωληνωμένο ασθενή, Υπερέκπτυξη κυψελίδων με ασκό, Αναρρόφηση βρογχικών εκκρίσεων, Άσκηση αναπνευστικών μυών (δύναμη-αντίσταση), Πρώιμη κινητοποίηση και προγράμματα βάδισης, Ερευνητική τεκμηρίωση

Βιβλιογραφία

• AARC Clinical Practice Guideline Nasotracheal Suctioning—2004 Revision & Update, RESPIRATORY CARE , 49(9):1080-4.
• Amanda J. Thomas Physiotherapy led early rehabilitation of the patient with critical illness.Physical Therapy Reviews, 2011; 16(1): 46-57.
• De Jonghe B, Lacherade J, Durand M, et al. Critical illness neuromuscular syndroms. Critical Care Clinics 2007; 23:55-69.
• Grigoriadis K, Efstathiou I, Petrianos I, Bakalidou D, Armaganidis A, Vasileiadis D. Improvement of patient’s ventilation by correcting the slid recumbent position In The ICU. The Internet Journal of Rehabilitation. 2010, DOI: 10.5580/1c98
• Gosselink R, Clerckx B, Robbeets C, Vanhullebusch T, Vanpee G, Segers J. Physiotherapy in the Intensive Care Unit. NETH J CRIT CARE 2011; 15(2): 66-75.
• Krishnagopalan S, Johnson E, Low L, et al. Body positioning of intensive care patients: clinical practice versus standards. Critical Care Med 2002; 30:2588-2592.
• Michalopoulos, Argyris S., Kostantinos Gregoriades, and Matthew E. Falagas. "The effect of different arrangements of T-piece parts on oxygenation of patients with tracheostomy." Anesthesia & Analgesia 103.4 (2006): 1054-1055.
• Morris P. Moving Our Critically Ill Patients: Mobility Barriers and Benefits. Crit Care Clin 2007; 23:1–20.
• Ntoumenopoulos G, Presneill J, McElholum M, et al. Chest physiotherapy for the prevention of ventilator-assosiated pneumonia. Intensive Care Medicine 2002; 28:850-856.
• Schweickert, William D, Kress JP. "Implementing Early Mobilization Interventions in Mechanically Ventilated Patients in the ICU Early Mobilization in the ICU." CHEST 2011; 6:1612-1617.
• Scott P. A, Joseph DiRocco,1 Gilman et al. The role of time and pressure on alveolar recruitment J Appl Physiol 106: 757–765, 2009.
• Stiller K, Phillips A. Safety aspects of mobilizing acutely ill inpatients. Physiother Theory Pract 2003; 19:239-257.
• Vitacca M, Paneroni M, Bianchi L, et al. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure measurement in tracheotomised patients. European Respiratory Journal 2006; 27:343-349
• Wagenmakers A. Muscle function in critically ill patients. Clin Nutr 2001; 20(5):451-4.
• Zeppos L, Patman S, Berney S, et al. Physiotherapy intervention in intensive care is safe: an observatory study. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2007; 53:279-283.

Λέξεις Κλειδιά

Μονάδα εντατικής θεραπείας, αναπνευστήρες, αναρρόφηση, ορθοστάτηση, κινητοποίηση, πνευμονία, ατελεκτασία